Images See all
Sample Type | Average | Range |
---|---|---|
Cell culture supernatants | 107% | 93%-119% |
Urine | 86% | 73%-99% |
Human plasma | 79% | 71%-92% |
Human serum | 83% | 73%-91% |
Sample | n | mean (ng/mL) | SD | CV% |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 20 | 6.4 | 0.6 | 9.4 |
2 | 20 | 15.1 | 1.6 | 10.4 |
3 | 20 | 40.6 | 2.9 | 7.1 |
Sample | n | mean (ng/mL) | SD | CV% |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 24 | 6.8 | 0.4 | 5.1 |
2 | 24 | 13.9 | 0.9 | 6.3 |
3 | 24 | 42.5 | 1.4 | 3.3 |
Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15), also known as macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1), is a protein of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFb) superfamily. GDF-15 is a stress-induced cytokine and associated with hypoxia, inflammation and oxidative stress, it is also released from endothelial cells after stimulation with pro-inflammatory cytokines. Its levels are elevated in diseases such as acute respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary hypertension and heart failure. GDF-15 is associated with cancers, cardiovascular diseases, and inflammatory diseases. GDF-15 may have a paracrine role in the modulation of adipose tissue function and body fat mass. GDF-15 is highly expressed in the placenta. GDF-15 is known to be involved in human embryo development and necessary for the maintenance of pregnancy.