标签和内参抗体
在科学研究中,内参蛋白往往不是主要研究对象,但是他们对研究的参照意义是不可或缺的,尤其是正确解释免疫印迹(WB)实验结果。
内参蛋白和标签蛋白的表达水平可为目标蛋白表达水平的变化提供一个参照,确保目标蛋白水平的任何变化都来自于样品的差异,而不是由于实验操作导致的。Proteintech提供包括GAPDH、Tubulin、Beta Actin等常用内参抗体和GST tag,6*His tag,GFP tag等标签抗体。
Use our table below to help select a loading control for your sample type with a different molecular weight to your protein of interest.
内参抗体
适用范围 | 名称 | 分子量 | 抗体类型 | 货号 | 应用 |
胞浆或全细胞 | GAPDH | 36 kDa | 重组兔单抗 | 81640-5-RR | WB, IF/ICC, ELISA |
小鼠单抗 | 60004-1-Ig | WB, IP, IF/ICC, ELISA, IHC, CoIP | |||
兔多抗 | 10494-1-AP | WB, IP, IF/ICC, IHC, ELISA, RIP, CoIP, ChIP, Cell Treatment | |||
β-Actin | 42 kDa | 重组兔单抗 | 81115-1-RR | WB, IF/ICC, IHC, ELISA | |
小鼠单抗 | 66009-1-Ig | WB, IP, IF/ICC, IHC, ELISA, CoIP, ChIP, Cell Treatment | |||
小鼠单抗 | 60008-1-Ig | WB, IHC, ELISA, IP, IF, CoIP | |||
兔多抗 | 20536-1-AP | WB, IF/ICC, IHC, ELISA, IP, CoIP, Cell Treatment | |||
α-Tubulin | 50-55 kDa | 重组兔单抗 | 80762-1-RR | WB, IF/ICC, IF-P, ELISA | |
小鼠单抗 | 66031-1-Ig | WB, IP, IF/ICC, IHC, ELISA, CoIP | |||
兔多抗 | 11224-1-AP | WB, IP, IF/ICC, IHC, ELISA, CoIP | |||
β-Tubulin | 50-55 kDa | 重组兔单抗 | 80713-1-RR | WB, IP, IF/ICC, IHC, ELISA | |
小鼠单抗 | 66240-1-Ig | WB, IF/ICC, IHC, IP, ELISA, Cell Treatment | |||
兔多抗 | 10068-1-AP | WB, IP, IF/ICC, IHC, ELISA | |||
Vinculin | 117 kDa | 兔多抗 | 26520-1-AP | WB, IF/ICC, IHC, ELISA | |
小鼠单抗 | 66305-1-Ig | WB, IF, IHC, ELISA, CoIP | |||
细胞核膜 | Lamin A/C | 65-75 kDa | 重组兔单抗 | 81042-1-RR | WB, IF, IHC, ELISA |
兔多抗 | 10298-1-AP | WB, IP, IF/ICC, IHC, ELISA | |||
Lamin B1 | 66-72 kDa | 重组兔单抗 | 80906-1-RR | WB, IHC, IF/ICC, ELISA | |
小鼠单抗 | 66095-1-Ig | WB, IP, IF/ICC, IF-P, IHC, ELISA, CoIP | |||
兔多抗 | 12987-1-AP | WB, IP, IF/ICC, IF-P, IHC, ELISA, ChIP | |||
细胞核 | TBP | 33-43 kDa* | 小鼠单抗 | 66166-1-Ig | WB, IP, IF/ICC, IHC, ELISA |
兔多抗 | 22006-1-AP | WB, IP, IF, IHC, ELISA | |||
PCNA | 36 kDa | 重组兔单抗 | 81302-6-RR | WB, ELISA | |
小鼠单抗 | 60097-1-Ig | WB, IP, IF/ICC, IHC, ELISA | |||
兔多抗 | 10205-2-AP | WB, IF/ICC, IF-P, IP, IHC, FC, CoIP, ELISA, Cell Treatment | |||
Histone-H3 | 15-17 kDa | 重组兔单抗 | 82807-2-RR | WB, ELISA | |
兔多抗 | 17168-1-AP | WB, IP, IF/ICC, IHC, ELISA, CoIP, ChIP | |||
小鼠单抗 | 68345-1-Ig | WB, IP, IF/ICC, IHC, ELISA | |||
YY1 | 65-70 kDa | 重组兔单抗 | 82712-3-RR | WB, ELISA, IF/ICC | |
小鼠单抗 | 66281-1-Ig | WB, IP, IF/ICC, ELISA, RIP, IHC, CoIP, ChIP | |||
兔多抗 | 22156-1-AP | WB, IP, IF/ICC, ELISA, IHC, CoIP, ChIP | |||
膜蛋白 | ATP1A1 | 97-110 kDa | 重组兔单抗 | 83191-6-RR | WB, IF, ELISA, FC (Intra) |
兔多抗 | 14418-1-AP | WB, IP, IF/ICC, IHC, ELISA, CoIP | |||
兔多抗 | 55187-1-AP | WB, IF/ICC, IHC, ELISA | |||
线粒体 | VDAC1/2 | 31-37 kDa | 兔多抗 | 10866-1-AP | WB, IF/ICC, IF-P, ELISA, IHC, CoIP |
VDAC1/Porin | 31-37 kDa | 重组兔单抗 | 81538-1-RR | WB, IHC, IF-P, FC (Intra), ELISA | |
小鼠单抗 | 66345-1-Ig | WB, IF-P, IHC, ELISA, IP, CoIP | |||
兔多抗 | 55259-1-AP | WB, IF-P, IHC, ELISA, PLA, CoIP | |||
COX4I1 | 17-20 kDa | 重组兔单抗 | 82916-1-RR | WB, IF/ICC, FC (Intra), ELISA | |
小鼠单抗 | 66110-1-Ig | WB, IF/ICC, IHC, ELISA | |||
兔多抗 | 11242-1-AP | WB, IP, IF/ICC, IHC, ELISA, ChIP | |||
全血/血浆/血清 | Transferrin | 77 kDa | 重组兔单抗 | 82916-1-RR | WB, IHC, ELISA |
小鼠单抗 | 66171-1-Ig | WB, IF-P, IHC, ELISA | |||
兔多抗 | 17435-1-AP | WB, IP, IF/ICC, IHC, ELISA | |||
Albumin | 66 kDa | 重组兔单抗 | 82783-6-RR | WB, IF/ICC, IF-P, ELISA | |
小鼠单抗 | 66051-1-Ig | WB, IP, IF/ICC, IHC, ELISA | |||
兔多抗 | 16475-1-AP | WB, IP, IF/ICC, IF-P, IHC, ELISA, CoIP |
标记内参抗体
靶点名称 | 偶联物 | 抗体类型 | 货号 | 应用 |
GAPDH | HRP | 鼠单抗 | HRP-60004 | WB |
CoraLite® Plus 488 | 鼠单抗 | CL488-60004 | WB, FC (Intra) | |
CoraLite®594 | 鼠单抗 | CL594-60004 | WB, FC (Intra) | |
CoraLite® Plus 647 | 鼠单抗 | CL647-60004 | FC (Intra) | |
CoraLite® Plus 750 | 鼠单抗 | CL750-60004 | WB | |
Beta Actin | HRP | 鼠单抗 | HRP-60008 | WB, IF, ELISA |
HRP | 鼠单抗 | HRP-66009 | WB, IP | |
Biotin | 鼠单抗 | Biotin-60008 | WB, IHC | |
CoraLite® Plus 488 | 鼠单抗 | CL488-60008 | WB | |
CoraLite® Plus 488 | 鼠单抗 | CL488-66009 | WB, IF, FC (Intra) | |
CoraLite®532 | 鼠单抗 | CL532-66009 | IF | |
CoraLite®555 | 鼠单抗 | CL555-66009 | IF, FC (Intra) | |
CoraLite®594 | 鼠单抗 | CL594-60008 | WB, IF | |
CoraLite®594 | 鼠单抗 | CL594-66009 | WB, IF, FC (Intra) | |
CoraLite® Plus 647 | 鼠单抗 | CL647-66009 | FC (Intra) | |
CoraLite® Plus 750 | 鼠单抗 | CL750-66009 | WB | |
CoraLite® Plus 750 | 重组兔单抗 | CL750-81115 | WB | |
Alpha Tubulin | HRP | 鼠单抗 | HRP-66031 | WB, CoIP |
Biotin | 鼠单抗 | Biotin-66031 | WB, IHC | |
CoraLite® Plus 488 | 鼠单抗 | CL488-66031 | WB, IF, FC (Intra) | |
CoraLite®555 | 鼠单抗 | CL555-66031 | IF, FC (Intra) | |
CoraLite®594 | 鼠单抗 | CL594-66031 | WB, IF, FC (Intra) | |
CoraLite® Plus 750 | 鼠单抗 | CL750-66031 | WB | |
CoraLite® Plus 750 | 重组兔单抗 | CL750-80762 | WB | |
Beta Tubulin | HRP | 鼠单抗 | HRP-66240 | WB |
CoraLite® Plus 488 | 鼠单抗 | CL488-66240 | WB, IF, FC (Intra) | |
CoraLite® Plus 488 | 重组兔单抗 | CL488-80713 | IF | |
CoraLite®555 | 重组兔单抗 | CL555-80713 | IF | |
CoraLite®594 | 鼠单抗 | CL594-66240 | IF, FC (Intra) | |
CoraLite®594 | 重组兔单抗 | CL594-80713 | IF | |
CoraLite® Plus 750 | 鼠单抗 | CL750-66240 | WB | |
CoraLite® Plus 750 | 重组兔单抗 | CL750-80713 | WB | |
Lamin B1 | HRP | 鼠单抗 | HRP-66095 | WB |
CoraLite® Plus 488 | 鼠单抗 | CL488-66095 | IF, FC (Intra) | |
CoraLite®555 | 鼠单抗 | CL555-66095 | IF, FC (Intra) | |
CoraLite®568 | 鼠单抗 | CL568-66095 | IF, FC (Intra) | |
CoraLite® Plus 647 | 鼠单抗 | CL647-66095 | IF, FC (Intra) | |
PCNA | HRP | 鼠单抗 | HRP-60097 | WB |
Biotin | 鼠单抗 | Biotin-60097 | WB, IHC | |
CoraLite® Plus 488 | 兔多抗 | CL488-10205 | IF, FC (Intra) | |
CoraLite®594 | 兔多抗 | CL594-10205 | IF, FC (Intra) | |
TBP | CoraLite® Plus 488 | 鼠单抗 | CL488-66166 | IF, FC (Intra) |
YY1 | CoraLite® Plus 488 | 鼠单抗 | CL488-66281 | IF |
CoraLite® Plus 750 | 鼠单抗 | CL750-66281 | WB | |
Transferrin | CoraLite® Plus 488 | 鼠单抗 | CL488-66171 | IF |
CoraLite®594 | 鼠单抗 | CL594-66171 | IF | |
Albumin | CoraLite® Plus 488 | 鼠单抗 | CL488-66051 | IF, FC (Intra) |
CoraLite®594 | 鼠单抗 | CL594-66051 | IF, FC (Intra) |
标签抗体
名称 | 抗体类型 | 货号 | 应用 |
6*His, His-tag | 小鼠单抗 | 66005-1-Ig | WB, IP, IF, IHC, CoIP, ChIP, ELISA, Cell Treatment |
兔多抗 | 10001-0-AP | WB, IP, IF, IHC, ChIP, ELISA | |
DYKDDDDK tag | 重组兔单抗 | 80801-2-RR | WB, IF/ICC, IP, ELISA |
小鼠单抗 | 66008-4-Ig | WB, IP, IF/ICC, ELISA, RIP, IHC, CoIP, ChIP | |
兔多抗 | 20543-1-AP | WB, IP, IF, RIP, IHC, CoIP, ChIP, ELISA | |
GFP tag | 小鼠单抗 | 66002-1-Ig | WB, IP, IF/ICC, RIP, IHC, CoIP, ChIP, ELISA |
兔多抗 | 50430-2-AP | WB, IP, IF/ICC, ELISA, RIP, IHC, CoIP, ChIP, IP-MS | |
GST tag | 重组兔单抗 | 80006-1-RR | WB, ELISA, CoIP |
小鼠单抗 | 66001-2-Ig | WB, IP, IF, CoIP, ELISA | |
兔多抗 | 10000-0-AP | WB, IP, IF, CoIP, ChIP, ELISA | |
HA tag | 重组兔单抗 | 81290-1-RR | WB, IP, IF/ICC, ELISA, CoIP |
小鼠单抗 | 66006-2-Ig | WB, IP, IF/ICC, PLA, CoIP, ChIP, ELISA | |
兔多抗 | 51064-2-AP | WB, IP, IF, IHC, CoIP, ChIP, ELISA | |
MYC tag | 小鼠单抗 | 60003-2-Ig | WB, IP, IF, CoIP, ChIP, ELISA |
兔多抗 | 16286-1-AP | WB, IP, IF, IHC, CoIP, ELISA | |
MBP tag | 小鼠单抗 | 66003-1-Ig | WB, IP, IF, IHC, CoIP, ELISA |
兔多抗 | 15089-1-AP | WB, IP, IF, IHC, CoIP, ELISA | |
mCherry | 小鼠单抗 | 68088-1-Ig | WB, IF/ICC, ELISA, IP |
兔多抗 | 26765-1-AP | WB, IHC, IP, CoIP, IF, ELISA | |
mNeonGreen | 小鼠单抗 | 32f6 | IF, ELISA |
RFP | 小鼠单抗 | 67378-1-Ig | WB, IF, ELISA |
小鼠单抗 | 6g6 | WB | |
大鼠单抗 | 5f8 | IF, ELISA | |
S1 tag | 小鼠单抗 | 66165-1-Ig | WB, ELISA |
V5 tag | 兔多抗 | 14440-1-AP | WB, IP, IF, RIP, ChIP, ELISA |
Halo | 小鼠单抗 | 28a8 | WB |
TurboGFP | 纳米抗体 | tbfrb | IF |
纳米抗体 | tbfms | IF | |
Spot | 小鼠单抗 | 28a5 | WB, ELISA |
SNAP/CLIP | 大鼠单抗 | 6f9 | WB |
标记标签抗体
靶点名称 | 偶联物 | 抗体类型 | 货号 | 应用 |
6*His, His-Tag | HRP | 鼠单抗 | HRP-66005 | WB, IP, ELISA, CoIP, Blocking assay |
CoraLite® Plus 488 | 鼠单抗 | CL488-66005 | IF | |
CoraLite®594 | 鼠单抗 | CL594-66005 | WB, IF | |
CoraLite® Plus 647 | 鼠单抗 | CL647-66005 | IF, FC (Intra) | |
DYKDDDDK Tag | HRP | 鼠单抗 | HRP-66008 | WB, IP |
CoraLite® Plus 488 | 鼠单抗 | CL488-66008 | IF | |
CoraLite® Plus 488 | 重组兔单抗 | CL488-80010 | IF | |
CoraLite®594 | 鼠单抗 | CL594-66008 | IF | |
CoraLite®594 | 重组兔单抗 | CL594-80010 | IF | |
CoraLite® Plus 647 | 重组兔单抗 | CL647-80010 | IF | |
CoraLite® Plus 750 | 重组兔单抗 | CL750-80010 | WB | |
FITC | 鼠单抗 | FITC-66008 | IF | |
GFP tag | HRP | 鼠单抗 | HRP-66002 | WB, CoIP |
CoraLite® Plus 488 | 鼠单抗 | CL488-66002 | WB, IF | |
CoraLite®594 | 兔多抗 | CL594-50430 | IF | |
CoraLite®594 | 鼠单抗 | CL594-66002 | WB, IF, FC (Intra) | |
GST Tag | HRP | 鼠单抗 | HRP-66001 | WB, IP, CoIP |
CoraLite® Plus 647 | 兔多抗 | CL647-10000 | FC (Intra) | |
HA Tag | HRP | 鼠单抗 | HRP-66006 | WB |
HRP | 重组兔单抗 | HRP-81290 | WB | |
CoraLite® Plus 488 | 兔多抗 | CL488-51064 | IF | |
CoraLite® Plus 488 | 鼠单抗 | CL488-66006 | IF | |
CoraLite® Plus 488 | 重组兔单抗 | CL488-81290 | IF | |
CoraLite®555 | 鼠单抗 | CL555-66006 | IF | |
CoraLite®594 | 兔多抗 | CL594-51064 | IF | |
CoraLite®594 | 鼠单抗 | CL594-66006 | IF | |
CoraLite®594 | 重组兔单抗 | CL594-81290 | IF | |
CoraLite® Plus 647 | 鼠单抗 | CL647-66006 | IF | |
CoraLite® Plus 647 | 重组兔单抗 | CL647-81290 | IF | |
MYC tag | CoraLite® Plus 488 | 鼠单抗 | CL488-60003 | IF |
CoraLite® Plus 647 | 鼠单抗 | CL647-60003 | IF, FC (Intra) | |
S1 tag | CoraLite® Plus 488 | 鼠单抗 | CL488-66165 | WB |
Chromotek系列标签抗体
标签名称 | 抗体类型 | 货号 | 应用 |
GFP-tag | 鼠单抗(Rat) | 3h9 | WB |
兔多抗 | pabg1 | WB, IF, ICC | |
GST-tag | 鼠单抗(Rat) | 6g9 | WB, ELISA |
Halo-tag | 鼠单抗(Mouse) | 28a8 | WB |
HA-tag | 鼠单抗(Rat) | 7c9 | WB, IF, IP |
mNeonGreen-tag | 鼠单抗(Mouse) | 32f6 | IF, ELISA |
Myc-tag | 鼠单抗(Rat) | 9e1 | WB, IF, ELISA, IP |
pan-RFP | 兔多抗 | pabr1 | WB, IF, ELISA |
RFP-tag | 鼠单抗(Rat) | 5f8 | IF, ELISA |
鼠单抗(Mouse) | 6g6 | WB | |
SNAP/CLIP-tag® | 鼠单抗(Rat) | 6f9 | WB |
Spot-Tag® | 鼠单抗(Mouse) | 28a5 | WB, ELISA |
V5-Tag | 鼠单抗(Mouse) | v5ab | WB |
内参抗体种类很多其中包含全细胞或胞浆内参、膜内参、核蛋白内参等,比如β- actin、β- tubulin、GAPDH、Lamin B等,下面简单介绍下选择内参抗体应遵循的原则:
1、样本种属来源:
首先考虑实验样本来源于何物种。
a、哺乳动物的组织或者细胞样本,通常选择β- actin、β- tubulin、GAPDH、Lamin B、Histone H3等。
b、其他稀少物种来源,可以参照文献指导或是选择高度保守管家基因表达的蛋白质相应的抗体作为内参。
2、目的蛋白分子量:
选择内参抗体时,应该考虑目的蛋白分子量的大小。通常应该保证目的蛋白与内参蛋白分子量相差5 kDa以上但勿差距太大。比如目的蛋白分子量为45 kDa,此时不适宜选择β-actin作为内参,可以考虑选择GAPDH或者β- tubulin作为内参。
3、目的蛋白表达部位:
针对一般蛋白质检测,GAPDH、β-actin或β-tubulin可以满足要求,而如果需要检测亚细胞器蛋白时,适宜选择对应亚细胞器内参更能体现内部参照的准确性。比如常用的核内参抗体有Lamin A、Lamin B、TBP、YY1、Histone H3。而对于膜蛋白检测,常用的内参抗体为ATP1A1。对于线粒体蛋白的检测,常用VDAC1和COX IV作为内参抗体。
以上原则仅针对通常情况,需要特别注意的是内参的选择还须考虑实际实验环境状况,比如某些细胞或组织由于缺氧、糖尿病等因素会导致GAPDH的表达量增高,此种状况下GAPDH不适合做内参;在涉及细胞增殖相关实验中,c-Jun由于自身表达变化就不适合做内参;在凋亡实验中,TBP、Lamin B等不适合作为核内参。因此在设计实验方案时应考虑这些因素的影响并查询相关文献,如果在实验过程中出现内参表达出现异常状况应及时分析原因并调整内参选择。
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